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LED Working Principle
2025-05-13
A light-emitting diode (LED), like a regular diode, is composed of a PN junction and also has unidirectional conductivity. When a forward voltage is applied to the LED, holes injected from the P region into the N region and electrons injected from the N region into the P region recombine within a few micrometers near the PN junction, producing spontaneous radiative fluorescence. The energy states of electrons and holes differ in various semiconductor materials. When electrons and holes recombine, the amount of energy released varies; the more energy released, the shorter the wavelength of the emitted light. Commonly used LEDs emit red, green, or yellow light. The reverse breakdown voltage of an LED is greater than 5 volts. Its forward voltage-current characteristic curve is very steep, so a series current-limiting resistor must be used to control the current through the diode.
The core part of a light-emitting diode consists of a chip made of P-type and N-type semiconductors, with a transition layer between them called the PN junction. In the PN junction of certain semiconductor materials, when injected minority carriers recombine with majority carriers, the excess energy is released in the form of light, directly converting electrical energy into light energy. When a reverse voltage is applied to the PN junction, minority carriers find it difficult to be injected, so no light is emitted. When it operates in the forward state (i.e., a forward voltage is applied across the terminals), current flows from the LED anode to the cathode, causing the semiconductor crystal to emit light of various colors ranging from ultraviolet to infrared. The intensity of the light is related to the current.
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